fix(user-center): show brand-colored icons in social bindings

Wrap the provider glyph in the reference theme's .social-login-item circular {type} wrapper on the /user/settings/ bindings list so each row paints the provider brand colour instead of a muted ink glyph. Aggregated clogin_* providers strip the prefix for the colour class while data-provider keeps the full key for the bind/unbind flow. Drops the now-unreferenced .binding-item__icon rules from the user-center settings and profile lists stylesheets.

assets/css/routes/profile/lists.css

@@ -478,18 +478,6 @@
   border-color: var(--color-primary);
   background: var(--color-primary-softer);
 }
-.binding-item__icon {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  width: 22px;
-  height: 22px;
-  color: var(--color-ink);
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-.binding-item__icon i {
-  font-size: 22px;
-  line-height: 1;
-}
 .binding-status {
   display: inline-flex;
   align-items: center;